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# permutation and uniqueness of determinant

6.8053 0 TD (=)Tj [(\(2\)\))-270.7(=)]TJ 20.0546 0 TD /F3 1 Tf , n under the permutation ß. 3.0614 0 TD -32.5516 -2.1882 TD 0 Tc Proof of uniqueness by deriving explicit formula from the properties of the determinant. All Unique Permutations: Given a collection of numbers that might contain duplicates, return all possible unique permutations. [(Ex)5.8(a)9.2(m)8.3(p)7(l)5.6(e)-385.8(3)4.7(.)5.6(1)4.7(. 0 Tc 1.9071 0 TD /F3 1 Tf -0.0011 Tc /F5 1 Tf 11.9552 0 0 11.9552 211.8 671.1 Tm /F5 1 Tf 0 Tc ()Tj -0.6826 -1.2045 TD /F5 1 Tf 0.8281 0 TD 0.7227 1.4052 TD 3.0614 0 TD ()Tj /F13 1 Tf /F3 1 Tf Property (i) means that the det as a function of columns of a ma-trix is totallyantisymmetric, i.e. Permutation matrices. 0.8253 Tc /F5 1 Tf (123)Tj (S)Tj /F3 1 Tf 1.4153 -0.793 TD /F13 22 0 R /F3 1 Tf 0.5922 0 TD /F3 1 Tf endobj (=)Tj 0.7227 1.4053 TD 0.0013 Tc 5. ()Tj )Tj /F13 1 Tf /F5 1 Tf )-521.6(T)4(hen)-360(a)-2.9(n)]TJ 0.5922 -2.2083 TD /F3 1 Tf From group theory we know that any permutation may be written as a product of transpositions. 2.7703 0 TD (123)Tj [(23)-10.1(1)]TJ [(b)-28.8(e)-278.1(a)-283.9(p)-28.8(ositiv)34.4(e)-288.1(i)0.4(n)31.5(t)-1.2(eger. 1.5257 -0.793 TD Compute that determinant by finding the signum of the associated permutation. 0 Tc "#S n (sgn! 1.0138 -1.4053 TD /F3 1 Tf (\()Tj (123)Tj (and)Tj Th permutation \$(2, 1)\$ has \$1\$ inversion and so it is odd. For N = 1, this is simple. -0.0005 Tc ()Tj [(i,)-172.5(j)]TJ 3.1317 2.0075 TD 0.7227 0 TD /F5 1 Tf 2.9409 0 TD A typical combination lock for example, should technically be called a permutation lock by mathematical standards, since the order of the numbers entered is important; 1-2-9 is not the same as 2-9-1, whereas for a combination, any order of those three numbers would suffice. 12.2255 0 TD /F6 9 0 R (. -0.6826 -1.2145 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.8354 Tc 33 0 obj /F3 1 Tf >> 11.9552 0 0 11.9552 72 707.9401 Tm ()Tj /F6 1 Tf (\()Tj Moreover, if two rows are proportional, then determinant is zero. /F3 1 Tf 0 Tc -13.6207 -1.6662 TD /F5 1 Tf 3.1317 2.0075 TD )Tj 17.2154 0 0 17.2154 72 352.74 Tm /F5 1 Tf The permutation \$(1, 2)\$ has \$0\$ inversions and so it is even. In order not to obscure the view we leave these proofs for Section 7.3. /F5 1 Tf 0.4918 0 TD (231)Tj 0.0015 Tc [(,)-132.9()61.4(,)-132.9()]TJ [(b)50(e)-271.2(a)-261.3(p)49.8(osit)5.3(ive)-261.2(i)0.4(nt)5.3(e)50(ger. ()Tj /F13 1 Tf /F5 1 Tf The determinant of a permutation matrix will have to be either 1 or 1 depending on whether it takes an even number or an odd number of row interchanges to convert it to the identity matrix. Using (ii) one obtains similar properties of columns. 7.9701 0 0 7.9701 454.92 501.9 Tm /F6 1 Tf (123)Tj 0.0011 Tc 11.9552 0 0 11.9552 200.04 143.46 Tm [(3,)-320(y)35.2(o)-2.1(u)-339.1(c)3.8(an)-329.1(e)3.8(a)-2.1(s)5(ily)-326.2(nd)-329.1(e)3.8(x)5.1(am)3.1(ple)3.8(s)-346.3(of)-322.9(p)-28(e)3.8(rm)33.3(utations)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 0 Tc [(Similar)-433.4(c)2.5(omputations)-437.9(\(whic)32.6(h)-450.8(y)33.9(o)-3.4(u)-440.8(s)3.7(hould)-440.8(c)32.6(hec)32.6(k)-447.9(for)-423.3(y)33.9(our)-443.4(o)26.8(wn)-440.8(practice\))-443.4(yield)-440.8(c)2.5(omp)-29.3(o)-3.4(sitions)]TJ where \( N\) is the size of matrix \(A\) (I consider the number of rows), \(P_i\) is the permutation operator and \(p_i\) is the number of swaps required to construct the original matrix. 0.8733 0 TD 1.0138 -1.4053 TD )-431.2(T)4(hen,)-300.7(giv)34.4(e)3(n)-289.7(a)-283.9(p)-28.8(e)3(rm)32.5(utation)]TJ 1.2447 2.0075 TD 0.5922 0 TD 2.1804 Tc ()Tj 0.7227 0 TD ()Tj 6.4038 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F3 1 Tf 0 Tc /F14 29 0 R (1)Tj -0.6826 -1.2145 TD (for)Tj 1.7766 0 TD /F3 1 Tf 4.296 0 TD /F5 1 Tf Example : [1,1,2] have the following unique permutations: [1,1,2] [1,2,1] [2,1,1] NOTE : No 2 entries in the permutation sequence should be the same. In mathematics, a Levi-Civita symbol (or permutation symbol) is a quantity marked by n integer labels. 0.9636 -1.4052 TD /F6 1 Tf )]TJ 11.9552 0 0 11.9552 72 326.46 Tm 0.7227 0 TD Property 2 tells us that The determinant of a permutation matrix P is 1 or −1 depending on whether P exchanges an even or odd number of rows. (. /F5 1 Tf /F3 1 Tf ()Tj (n)Tj (=)Tj 1.2346 0 TD 11.9552 0 0 11.9552 441.36 643.7401 Tm /F6 1 Tf 0.5922 0 TD /F6 1 Tf 0 Tw /F8 1 Tf 0.5922 0 TD 1.0439 1.4052 TD 1.5959 0 TD /GS1 gs [(\(2\))-280.2(=)-270.8(3)]TJ /F12 21 0 R /F3 6 0 R /F5 1 Tf (n)Tj /F3 1 Tf )Tj 7.9701 0 0 7.9701 277.2 147.78 Tm ()Tj Basic properties of determinant, relation to volume. /F13 1 Tf (\(2\))Tj /F9 12 0 R (\()Tj 0.8354 Tc A permutation is even if its number of inversions is even, and odd otherwise. ()Tj /F9 1 Tf -0.0006 Tc -0.0028 Tc 3.1317 2.0075 TD ()Tj 7.9701 0 0 7.9701 438 559.7401 Tm ()Tj 0.5922 0 TD ()Tj /F3 1 Tf /F3 1 Tf 0.0012 Tc ()Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.0015 Tc (. 1.4153 -0.793 TD /ExtGState << 0.2768 Tc /F3 1 Tf ()Tj -0.0034 Tc /F3 1 Tf 0.5922 0 TD /F3 1 Tf (\))Tj /F5 1 Tf /F3 1 Tf -0.0006 Tc 1.0238 0 TD 0.0003 Tc ()Tj 0 Tc 0.8281 0 TD This selection of subsets is called a permutation when the order of selection is a factor, a combination when order is not a factor. ()Tj 0.5922 0 TD 0.2803 Tc /F13 1 Tf [(T)4.3(h)1.7(en)-339.6(note)-317.9(that)]TJ [(12)-10(3)]TJ matrices over a general commutative ring) -- in contrast, the characterization above does not generalize easily without a close study of whether our existence and uniqueness proofs will still work with a new scalar ring. 0 Tc 0 Tc /F6 1 Tf (\(3\))Tj /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.2045 TD (. 0.0015 Tc /F3 1 Tf 0.3419 Tc /F5 1 Tf -0.0004 Tc [(DeÞnition)-409.5(4.1. 0.0012 Tc 1.355 0 TD [(forms)-351.5(a)-341.8(gr)52.5(oup)-351.9(u)4.4(nder)-349(c)49.8(o)-0.6(mp)49.6(osition. the determinant is 1. 0.8354 Tc 7.9701 0 0 7.9701 212.28 256.86 Tm ()Tj (\(3\))Tj /F3 1 Tf /F5 1 Tf /F5 1 Tf /F6 1 Tf -32.5516 -2.5696 TD /F10 1 Tf -39.4775 -2.5194 TD 3.0514 0 TD 0 -1.2145 TD [(a)-4.2(s)-278.1(these)-289.4(d)0.1(escrib)-30.1(e)-289.4(p)0.1(a)-4.2(i)-0.9(rs)-278.1(o)-4.2(f)-284.9(o)-4.2(b)-50.1(j)-3.8(ects)]TJ 0.7227 0 TD ()Tj /F3 1 Tf Proof of existence by induction. [(,)-132.9()]TJ (123)Tj Even or odd permutation: a permutation consisting of a series of interchanges of pairs of elements. 11.9552 0 0 11.9552 399.84 671.1 Tm ()Tj 0.001 Tc /F3 1 Tf /F3 1 Tf -14.3737 -2.2083 TD [(\(1\))-270.2(=)-270.8(2)]TJ Construction of the determinant. We can now de ne the parity of a permutation ˙to be either even if its the product of an even number of transpositions or odd if its the product of an odd number of transpositions. ()Tj (. Warning : DO NOT USE LIBRARY FUNCTION FOR GENERATING PERMUTATIONS. Let us now look on to the properties of the Determinants which is discussed in determinants for class 12: Property 1- The value of the determinant remains unchanged if the rows and columns of a determinant are interchanged. 2.0878 0 TD 0.4909 Tc 0 Tc /F9 1 Tf ()Tj permutation matrix is a square matrix obtained from the same size identity matrix by a permutation of rows. (n)Tj /F13 1 Tf [(suc)30.3(h)-342.7(t)-4(h)-1.4(a)-5.7(t)]TJ -25.3543 -1.2045 TD /F5 1 Tf -0.0003 Tc >> -0.0003 Tc 3.1317 2.0075 TD /F5 1 Tf 1.4454 0 TD /F5 1 Tf -0.0513 Tc 0 Tc /F3 1 Tf 0.5922 0 TD determinant is zero.) [(13)10.1(2)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 0.7428 -0.793 TD 5.9421 0 TD called its determinant,denotedbydet(A). 0 -1.2145 TD ()Tj (123)Tj 3.1317 2.0075 TD 1.0439 1.4053 TD Given a positive integer n, the set S n stands for the set of all permutations of f 1; 2;:::;n g. The total number of permutations in S n is: n!= n (n − 1)(n − 2) 3 2: Example 2. 0 Tc Add your answer and earn points. The number of even permutations equals that of the odd ones. ()Tj 1.4153 -0.793 TD /F13 1 Tf 3.1317 2.0075 TD ()Tj ()Tj 0 Tc 1.355 0 TD (=)Tj Example 1. (1)Tj ()Tj /F10 1 Tf Therefore, any permutation matrix P factors as a product of row-interchanging elementary matrices, each having determinant −1. /F3 1 Tf Permutations and uniqueness of determinants in linear algebra, Find < f. Please help me I will mark you as the brainliast ​, Happy mood refreshing new year not mother f....ng​, Find the term independent of x in the expansion of (1-1/x^2)^15.​, Mar padhne se pehele rakh Dena_0''.humari toh nind hi chori ho gyi __xD​, join here in google meet ...,.,. 1.8971 0 TD 6.3136 -0.1305 TD 1.2447 2.0075 TD ()Tj 7.6585 0 TD ()Tj [(12)-10(3)]TJ (123)Tj 0 Tc /F5 1 Tf 0.0004 Tc 0.0015 Tc 1.084 0 TD (n)Tj (No general discussion of permutations). . /F8 11 0 R 0.0002 Tc -28.7976 -1.2045 TD /F5 1 Tf 1.355 0 TD (Let)Tj 0.9435 0 TD 1.0439 1.4052 TD 11.9552 0 0 11.9552 460.68 503.7 Tm (. 0 Tc 3.1317 2.0075 TD 0.5922 0 TD [(in)32.4(v)35.3(e)3.9(rs)5.1(e)-347.4(p)-27.9(erm)33.4(u)2.3(tation)]TJ 0 Tc 0.7428 -0.793 TD /F8 1 Tf ")a 1"1 a 2"2!! 1.4956 0 TD ()Tj /F3 1 Tf (n)Tj 0 Tc /F5 8 0 R ()Tj !a n"n where ßi is the image of i = 1, . 0.8354 Tc 0.9234 0 TD /Length 11470 0 Tc /F5 1 Tf [(,)-491.4(t)5.4(her)52.8(e)-461.8(exist)5.4(s)-461.6(a)]TJ 1.2447 2.0075 TD /F3 1 Tf 1.5156 0 TD [(is)-337(in)-329.8(comparis)4.3(on)-339.8(to)-334(the)-328.2(i)0.5(den)31.6(t)-1.1(it)29(y)-346.9(p)-28.7(erm)32.6(u)1.5(tation. 2.1804 Tc The sign of ˙, denoted sgn˙, is de ned to be 1 if ˙is an even permutation, and 1 if ˙is an odd permutation. )-441.1(In)-309.6(particular,)]TJ ()Tj )-491.6(\(A)5.6(sso)49.7(ciat)5.2(ivit)5.2(y)-346.7(o)-0.5(f)-341(C)-1.2(omp)49.7(o)-0.5(sit)5.2(i)0.3(on\))-341.4(G)5.3(iven)-341.9(any)-346.7(t)5.2(hr)52.6(e)49.9(e)-351.6(p)49.7(e)-0.3(rmut)5.2(at)5.2(ions)]TJ 0.9134 0 TD (S)Tj 0 -1.2145 TD Property 4- If each element of a row or a column is multiplied by … /F3 1 Tf /F3 1 Tf /F13 1 Tf /F5 1 Tf /F3 1 Tf 7.9701 0 0 7.9701 121.92 324.66 Tm (\(2\))Tj An inverse permutation is a permutation which you will get by inserting position of an element at the position specified by the element value in the array. 0 Tc 17.7761 0 TD (231)Tj 0 Tc We de ned the sign of ˙to be +1 if ˙is an even permutation and 1 if ˙is an odd permutation. [(Fr)-77.5(o)-79.2(m)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 13.7411 0 TD (id)Tj A determinant of size \(\,n\ \) is a sum of \(\,n\,!\,\) components corresponding to permutations of the set \(\,\{1,2,\ldots,n\}.\) Even (odd) permutations contribute components with the sign plus (minus), respectively. )Tj ABAbhishek8064 is waiting for your help. 0.5922 0 TD /F9 1 Tf Answer To get a nonzero term in the permutation expansion we must use the 1 , 2 {\displaystyle 1,2} entry and the 4 , 3 {\displaystyle 4,3} entry. [(4)-1122.7(I)2.4(n)27.2(v)30.8(ersions)-356.2(a)4.9(nd)-377.1(the)-363.3(s)-0.7(ign)-370.1(o)-0.4(f)-372.5(a)-371.5(p)-28.5(e)-0.8(rm)33(uta)4.9(t)0.1(ion)]TJ 8.6321 0 TD 11.9552 0 0 11.9552 132.36 326.46 Tm /F5 1 Tf (=)Tj /F10 1 Tf -0.0034 Tc 6.7652 0 TD /F13 1 Tf 11.9552 0 0 11.9552 416.28 326.46 Tm 0.0011 Tc (123)Tj ()Tj ()Tj 0 Tc 0 -1.2145 TD 0 -1.2145 TD 0.7227 0 TD 0 Tc 0.5922 0 TD )Tj From (iii) follows that if two rows are equal, then determinant is zero. /F5 1 Tf [(not)-302.2(c)3.2(omm)32.7(u)1.6(tativ)34.6(e)-328.1(in)-299.6(general. /F8 1 Tf 0 Tc (S)Tj 0 Tc 0 Tc /F5 1 Tf There are six 3 × 3 permutation matrices. 0.3814 0 TD /F5 1 Tf /F6 1 Tf 0.5922 0 TD [(2. 0.0001 Tc Permutation matrices. a 1n" "a n1! (,)Tj 0.7327 -0.793 TD (\(3\))Tj 0.0015 Tc 0 Tc 0.7227 0 TD )Tj 0.8733 0 TD -32.8929 -2.1882 TD (132)Tj 0.7227 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tc /F3 1 Tf 1.0339 1.4053 TD 2.0878 0 TD 0.5922 0 TD [(\)o)339.6(f)]TJ ()Tj /F6 1 Tf )-491.3(\(Ident)5.5(it)5.5(y)-346.4(E)2.7(lement)-335.8(for)-348.6(C)-0.9(omp)50(o)-0.2(sit)5.5(i)0.6(on\))-331(G)5.6(iven)-341.6(any)-346.4(p)50(ermut)5.5(a)-0.2(t)5.5(i)0.6(on)]TJ 0 Tc This is well de ned: the same permutation cannot be both even and odd, because this would imply that the identity permutation could be achieved by an odd number of switches, so that its determinant would be 1 rather than +1, a contradiction.